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Table 4 The heterogeneous association between education and safe food handling (livestock presence as a proxy)

From: The heterogeneous association between education and the adoption of safe food handling practices in Ethiopia

 

Wash hands

Wash Surface

Boil/Filter Water

Separate Utensils

Livestock *

Primary Education

3.72

[1.88, 7.36] **

3.10

[1.51, 6.38] **

1.50

[0.81, 2.80]

1.02

[0.50, 2.08]

Livestock *

Seconadary Education

10.49

[4.50, 24.46] **

10.78

[4.20, 27.65] **

1.63

[0.84, 3.16]

2.47

[1.29, 4.75] **

Primary Education

0.40

[0.25, 0.63] **

0.52

[0.32, 0.83] **

0.63

[0.40, 1.00]

1.09

[0.71, 1.68]

Secondary Education

0.45

[0.28, 0.71] **

0.45

[0.28, 0.71] **

0.56

[0.35, 0.88] *

1.36

[0.89, 2.07]

Livestock Presence

 Yes

0.66

[0.41, 1.07]

0.74

[0.45, 1.21]

1.63

[0.84, 3.16]

0.49

[0.30, 0.79] **

Improved Water

 Yes

1.06

[0.81, 1.39]

1.18

[0.89, 1.55]

1.04

[0.80, 1.36]

1.22

[0.93, 1.61]

Children

 Yes

0.81

[0.59, 1.10]

0.97

[0.71, 1.33]

1.30

[0.90, 1.87]

0.68

[0.50, 0.92] **

Marital Status

 Married

1.36

[1.05, 1.77] *

1.43

[1.10, 1.87] *

1.21

[0.90, 1.62]

0.78

[0.60, 1.02]

Sex

 Female

1.43

[0.82, 2.52]

1.76

[1.01, 3.07] *

3.77

[1.34, 10.61] *

1.06

[0.61, 1.84]

Household Income

 < 2,000

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 2,000–4,000

0.86

[0.62, 1.19]

1.22

[0.86, 1.74]

0.94

[0.69, 1.29]

1.81

[1.30, 2.51] **

 4,000–6,000

0.29

[0.21, 0.42] **

0.48

[0.33, 0.69] **

1.17

[0.80, 1.70]

2.16

[1.50, 3.12] **

 6,000–8,000

0.17

[0.11, 0.26] **

0.41

[0.26, 0.63] **

0.72

[0.40, 1.27]

2.42

[1.56, 3.77] **

 8,000–10,000

0.17

[0.10, 0.28] **

0.23

[0.14, 0.38] **

1.22

[0.68, 2.19]

3.19

[1.92, 5.28] **

 > 10,000

0.32

[0.20, 0.51] **

0.40

[0.25, 0.65] **

1.33

[0.76, 2.32]

1.97

[1.21, 3.21] **

Age [Years]

 15–19

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 20–29

1.24

[0.72, 2.14]

1.33

[0.76, 2.33]

0.76

[0.44, 1.31]

1.42

[0.78, 2.60]

 30–39

1.53

[0.86, 2.70]

1.27

[0.71, 2.27]

0.61

[0.34, 1.08]

2.03

[1.10, 3.78] *

 49–49

1.09

[0.60, 2.00]

1.04

[0.56, 1.92]

0.68

[0.37, 1.25]

1.79

[0.93, 3.45]

 > 50

0.77

[0.43, 1.40]

0.99

[0.54, 1.82]

0.74

[0.40, 1.35]

2.28

[1.20, 4.33] **

Baseline Odds

4.08

[1.70, 9.74] **

2.28

[0.95, 5.47]

0.08

[0.02, 0.27] **

0.16

[0.07, 0.39] **

  1. Odds ratios are presented, with 95% confidence interval shown in parentheses
  2. ** p-value < 0.01
  3. *p-value < 0.05