Table 3 Associations between Medicare Advantage penetration and hospital Medicare discharges, Medicare average length of stay, and inpatient revenue

Log (MA)

0.086***

0.088***

0.091***

−2.543

−2.567

−2.513

0.118***

0.116***

0.112***

(0.023)

(0.023)

(0.023)

(3.892)

(3.919)

(3.894)

(0.024)

(0.024)

(0.024)

Rural in 2014 × Log (MA)

−0.195***

−0.191***

−0.189***

0.176

0.129

0.232

−0.206***

−0.196***

−0.192***

(0.024)

(0.024)

(0.024)

(1.786)

(1.759)

(1.690)

(0.027)

(0.027)

(0.027)

FY2015

0.016***

0.013***

0.009

0.857***

0.883***

0.787***

0.041***

0.038***

0.034***

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.006)

(0.263)

(0.285)

(0.295)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.005)

FY2016

0.003

−0.001

−0.006

1.010**

1.057**

0.830**

0.073***

0.069***

0.063***

(0.006)

(0.007)

(0.008)

(0.397)

(0.443)

(0.358)

(0.005)

(0.005)

(0.007)

FY2017

0.013*

0.007

0.003

1.805

1.869

1.646

0.104***

0.098***

0.089***

(0.007)

(0.007)

(0.009)

(1.530)

(1.601)

(1.579)

(0.006)

(0.007)

(0.008)

FY2018

0.013

0.006

0.001

1.959

2.034

1.701

0.136***

0.128***

0.118***

(0.008)

(0.008)

(0.011)

(1.665)

(1.748)

(1.762)

(0.007)

(0.008)

(0.010)

FY2019

0.004

−0.004

−0.017

1.887

1.971

1.485

0.150***

0.141***

0.129***

(0.009)

(0.009)

(0.015)

(1.844)

(1.938)

(2.005)

(0.009)

(0.009)

(0.013)

FY2020

−0.105***

−0.113***

−0.120***

2.528

2.620

1.506

0.180***

0.170***

0.157***

(0.011)

(0.011)

(0.017)

(2.030)

(2.134)

(2.132)

(0.010)

(0.011)

(0.016)

Density (Population per Square Mile)

0.000

0.000

−0.000

−0.000

0.000

0.000

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

Population

0.000***

0.000***

−0.000

−0.000

0.000***

0.000***

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

%Medicare Insurance

−0.038

52.343*

0.174

(0.383)

(30.994)

(0.306)

Age

0.006

0.169

0.005

(0.004)

(0.132)

(0.004)

%Female

−0.116

−2.654

0.227

(0.227)

(26.818)

(0.157)

%Married, Spouse Present

−0.097

5.398

0.114

(0.107)

(4.234)

(0.088)

%Black

0.087

−3.298

−0.376

(0.180)

(4.818)

(0.332)

%Hispanic

0.315

−12.779

0.204

(0.232)

(15.884)

(0.226)

%Other

−0.104

40.383

0.419*

(0.294)

(30.626)

(0.223)

%High School or Above

−0.378**

−26.457

−0.071

(0.162)

(21.397)

(0.134)

%Employed

0.096

−0.973

0.292***

(0.091)

(4.254)

(0.086)

%In Labor Force

0.029

19.610

0.215*

(0.129)

(17.159)

(0.117)

%Federal Poverty Level

0.001*

0.006

−0.000

(0.000)

(0.026)

(0.000)

Household Income

0.000*

−0.000

0.000***

(0.000)

(0.000)

(0.000)

Constant

6.957***

6.714***

6.425***

4.073

6.798**

5.153

17.934***

17.664***

16.862***

(0.027)

(0.074)

(0.280)

(5.535)

(2.898)

(12.145)

(0.026)

(0.086)

(0.311)

Observations

37,663

37,663

37,663

37,663

37,663

37,663

31,000

31,000

31,000

R-squared

0.024

0.025

0.025

0.000

0.000

0.001

0.074

0.077

0.079

Hospital FE

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

FY FE

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y