Table 3 Estimation results for health care spending

Age

0.184 (0.022)

0.118 (0.033)

0.251 (0.063)

0.186 (0.037)

0.206 (0.060)

0.230 (0.067)

0.016 (0.015)

-0.040 (0.024)

0.052 (0.030)

0.017 (0.032)

0.127 (0.038)

0.006 (0.044)

0.190 (0.027)

0.073 (0.043)

0.294 (0.071)

0.193 (0.052)

0.316 (0.072)

0.233 (0.083)

Female

-0.449 (0.400)

-2.949 (1.024)

-2.745 (1.084)

-0.482 (0.720)

0.660 (0.871)

2.558 (0.803)

6.861 (0.377)

2.135 (0.766)

5.709 (0.741)

7.040 (0.734)

6.590 (0.848)

11.36 (0.979)

6.422 (0.585)

-0.987 (1.359)

2.935 (1.365)

6.490 (1.093)

7.199 (1.276)

14.14 (1.370)

Chronic diseases

4.706 (0.231)

4.396 (0.320)

4.888 (0.447)

4.697 (0.472)

4.898 (0.746)

5.163 (0.792)

11.96 (0.169)

9.164 (0.218)

12.24 (0.361)

13.19 (0.398)

13.21 (0.452)

15.49 (0.586)

16.77 (0.306)

13.73 (0.414)

17.26 (0.603)

18.04 (0.651)

18.25 (0.929)

20.51 (1.059)

Disabled

11.97 (2.196)

4.418 (1.880)

17.64 (7.781)

11.00 (3.245)

22.47 (5.771)

18.69 (7.311)

-0.473 (0.899)

-2.093 (1.125)

3.626 (2.181)

-2.099 (2.345)

2.644 (2.976)

-1.796 (3.141)

11.41 (2.410)

2.309 (2.304)

21.14 (8.077)

9.135 (4.226)

25.53 (6.715)

15.50 (7.932)

Lower education

0.448 (0.536)

-0.518 (1.220)

1.864 (1.122)

1.898 (0.970)

-0.847 (1.323)

0.632 (1.562)

2.087 (0.477)

3.695 (0.894)

2.397 (1.015)

2.892 (0.971)

2.383 (1.206)

1.939 (1.347)

2.492 (0.766)

3.163 (1.611)

4.356 (1.581)

4.789 (1.459)

1.712 (1.880)

2.066 (2.211)

Higher education

0.603 (0.634)

-4.571 (1.415)

3.892 (2.573)

1.309 (1.016)

1.175 (1.140)

-0.536 (1.000)

-1.964 (0.503)

-1.375 (1.454)

-1.446 (1.004)

-1.293 (0.956)

-1.937 (1.060)

-0.553 (1.186)

-1.520 (0.857)

-6.207 (2.152)

2.499 (2.801)

-0.137 (1.489)

-0.674 (1.636)

-1.541 (1.715)

Labor participation

-6.061 (0.594)

-5.913 (1.106)

-9.247 (1.784)

-5.732 (1.057)

-6.134 (1.454)

-4.268 (1.206)

-3.442 (0.481)

-0.232 (0.888)

-3.277 (1.018)

-3.814 (0.998)

-3.640 (1.113)

-6.605 (1.372)

-9.737 (0.824)

-6.310 (1.506)

-12.37 (2.107)

-9.632 (1.542)

-9.865 (1.934)

-11.79 (2.133)

Married

1.573 (0.718)

5.607 (1.235)

-0.303 (2.302)

1.435 (1.169)

-0.258 (1.626)

-0.647 (1.780)

10.36 (0.527)

10.75 (0.878)

5.985 (1.145)

8.773 (1.110)

7.532 (1.368)

12.51 (1.378)

12.36 (0.941)

16.67 (1.600)

5.656 (2.616)

10.44 (1.725)

7.698 (2.180)

12.95 (2.434)

Family members

-0.759 (0.212)

-0.640 (0.458)

-0.593 (0.530)

-1.198 (0.345)

-1.064 (0.445)

-1.246 (0.547)

-2.941 (0.179)

-2.744 (0.310)

-3.566 (0.329)

-3.535 (0.322)

-3.302 (0.435)

-3.473 (0.543)

-3.837 (0.300)

-3.375 (0.582)

-4.205 (0.637)

-4.771 (0.502)

-4.491 (0.656)

-5.170 (0.894)

Capital area

-1.609 (0.399)

-2.941 (0.995)

-1.623 (1.136)

-1.360 (0.721)

-0.178 (0.852)

-2.267 (0.814)

2.997 (0.359)

2.339 (0.797)

1.374 (0.727)

3.077 (0.709)

2.904 (0.815)

4.698 (0.901)

1.371 (0.576)

-0.576 (1.348)

-0.042 (1.396)

1.837 (1.076)

2.881 (1.242)

1.867 (1.387)

Public assistance

-9.774 (1.038)

-7.908 (1.086)

-10.67 (2.538)

-12.00 (3.411)

-17.35 (4.726)

9.005 (23.41)

-28.45 (0.884)

-28.82 (1.026)

-20.43 (2.294)

-17.62 (6.535)

-31.72 (6.094)

-47.61 (5.968)

-38.66 (1.431)

-37.27 (1.570)

-31.48 (3.654)

-28.98 (7.777)

-50.09 (8.584)

-38.99 (21.59)

Priv. health ins

-0.933 (0.539)

1.975 (1.260)

-3.772 (1.323)

-1.340 (1.070)

0.633 (1.152)

-3.066 (1.277)

3.538 (0.465)

4.438 (1.052)

3.051 (1.004)

1.690 (1.051)

1.704 (1.192)

4.271 (1.260)

2.434 (0.779)

6.638 (1.736)

-0.677 (1.728)

0.297 (1.577)

2.352 (1.744)

-0.096 (2.374)

Monthly premium

0.120 (0.029)

0.094 (0.095)

0.220 (0.094)

0.168 (0.055)

0.116 (0.052)

0.111 (0.048)

0.069 (0.020)

0.112 (0.104)

0.133 (0.056)

0.152 (0.056)

0.058 (0.044)

0.046 (0.028)

0.188 (0.036)

0.196 (0.149)

0.352 (0.111)

0.322 (0.082)

0.175 (0.072)

0.155 (0.057)

Years

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Income quintiles

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

Constant

4.932 (1.387)

9.042 (2.797)

8.721 (3.632)

7.018 (2.232)

3.454 (2.856)

9.750 (3.127)

10.78 (1.203)

19.51 (2.363)

19.48 (2.236)

19.35 (2.253)

20.46 (2.824)

23.83 (3.327)

16.84 (1.965)

29.00 (3.871)

28.78 (4.380)

26.91 (3.355)

24.88 (4.200)

37.36 (5.676)

Observations

193,654

38,876

38,624

38,735

38,790

38,629

193,833

38,954

38,664

38,711

38,867

38,637

194,083

38,975

38,703

38,824

38,869

38,712

R-squared

0.021

0.025

0.018

0.025

0.019

0.021

0.114

0.162

0.141

0.127

0.099

0.092

0.089

0.113

0.086

0.111

0.083

0.078