Table 6 Proximity to former Habsburg Empire’s border and spatial density of former communist extermination prisons and forced labour camps and present-day corruption behaviour in the public health system, ordered probit regressions, baseline specifications

Individual-level controls

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Geographic controls

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Macroeconomic controls

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

County-fixed effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Nr_20km

0.2411****

0.1276**

0.1825***

(0.0628)

(0.0580)

(0.0608)

Nr_75km

0.1998****

0.0823**

0.0719*

(0.0505)

(0.0417)

(0.0435)

1.Former_Habsburg_Empire_In#1.Distance_border_categ1

1.1244**

0.9195**

(0.4674)

(0.4673)

1.Former_Habsburg_Empire_In#2.Distance_border_categ1

0.2903

0.1559

(0.3882)

(0.3865)

1.Former_Habsburg_Empire_In#3.Distance_border_categ1

-0.9484***

-1.2013****

(0.3204)

(0.3254)

1.Former_Habsburg_Empire_In#1.Distance_border_categ2

0.6070

0.4832

(0.4030)

(0.4113)

1.Former_Habsburg_Empire_In#2.Distance_border_categ2

-0.9314***

-1.0447***

(0.3154)

(0.3230)

1.Former_Habsburg_Empire_In#1.Distance_border_categ3

0.1995

0.4338

(0.4385)

(0.4243)

1.Former_Habsburg_Empire_In#2.Distance_border_categ3

-0.9311**

-0.7267*

(0.3912)

(0.3918)

N

1295

1295

1295

1295

1295

1295

chi2

361.99

340.46

292.71

354.01

335.30

284.79

p

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

Pseudo R²

0.0759

0.0776

0.0655

0.0775

0.0777

0.0647

AIC

3768.69

3757.84

3806.27

3762.52

3757.56

3809.42

BIC

3985.67

39,644.87

4012.93

3979.50

3964.21

4016.07

AUROC (after probit)

0.7756

0.7726

0.7876

0.7762

0.7723

0.7907

Goodness of fit (after probit)

0.0257

0.0242

0.1160

0.0766

0.0289

0.1974