Table 5 Proximity to former Habsburg Empire’s border and former communist extermination prisons and forced labour camps and present-day corruption behaviour in the public health system, ordered probit regressions, baseline specifications

Individual-level controls

Yes

Yes

Yes

Geographic controls

Yes

Yes

Yes

Macroeconomic controls

Yes

Yes

Yes

County-fixed effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Distance_nearest_gulag_under43km

0.3614****

0.2747***

0.2894****

(0.0899)

(0.0861)

(0.0859)

1.Former_Habsburg_Empire_In#1.Distance_border_categ1

1.1988**

(0.4695)

1.Former_Habsburg_Empire_In#2.Distance_border_categ1

0.4598

(0.3873)

1.Former_Habsburg_Empire_In#3.Distance_border_categ1

-0.8793***

(0.3219)

1.Former_Habsburg_Empire_In#1.Distance_border_categ2

0.6757*

(0.4075)

1.Former_Habsburg_Empire_In#2.Distance_border_categ2

-0.9016***

(0.3173)

1.Former_Habsburg_Empire_In#1.Distance_border_categ3

0.4965

(0.4167)

1.Former_Habsburg_Empire_In#2.Distance_border_categ3

-0.6946*

(0.3771)

N

1295

1295

1295

chi2

359.19

339.13

298.34

p

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

Pseudo R²

0.0775

0.0796

0.0672

AIC

3762.47

3749.92

3799.64

BIC

3979.46

3956.57

4006.29

AUROC (after probit)

0.7783

0.7747

0.7864

Goodness of fit (after probit)

0.0565

0.0375

0.1552