Socio-economic inequalities in the use of flu vaccination in Europe: a multilevel approach

Health Economics Review

Table 5 The association between flu vaccination and country-level factors

Variables	Adolescents (n = 12,396)			Young Adults (n = 81,463)			Adults (n = 93,720)			Elderly (n = 77,941)
Variables	OR	p-value	VPC*	OR	p-value	VPC*	OR	p-value	VPC*	OR	p-value	VPC*
System (reference: Beveridge)
Bismarck	1.09	0.789	0.156	0.63	0.100	0.143	0.67	0.137	0.138	0.44	0.013	0.222
Public healthcare expenditure	1.01	0.924	0.156	1.07	0.362	0.152	1.12	0.131	0.136	1.27	0.011	0.220
Out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure	1.01	0.737	0.154	1.01	0.771	0.154	0.98	0.219	0.140	0.96	0.036	0.225
Generalist** (reference: < Q1)
Q1-Q2	1.20	0.674		1.31	0.470		1.69	0.142		1.95	0.169
Q2-Q3	1.32	0.534		1.31	0.488		1.53	0.253		2.33	0.087
> Q3	1.37	0.427	0.152	2.05	0.035	0.136	2.25	0.013	0.126	2.74	0.023	0.223
Specialist*** (reference: < Q1)
Q1-Q2	1.61	0.266		1.81	0.105		1.57	0.197		1.19	0.711
Q2-Q3	0.83	0.701		0.84	0.668		0.87	0.726		0.49	0.137
> Q3	0.80	0.681	0.143	0.80	0.632	0.143	0.96	0.932	0.137	0.49	0.167	0.229
Primary care (reference: No)
Yes	0.97	0.918	0.156	0.63	0.108	0.145	0.63	0.095	0.134	0.49	0.067	0.236
Portfolio of services (reference: No)
Yes	0.75	0.357	0.154	0.92	0.755	0.156	1.06	0.834	0.146	1.18	0.655	0.254
Copayment (reference: No)
Yes	1.38	0.292	0.152	1.23	0.460	0.154	0.99	0.981	0.147	0.64	0.227	0.252

Notes: Random intercept models adjusted for sex, age, education, marital status, employment, income, area of residence, BMI, smoking, diet, physical activity – for each age group; and self-perceived health – for adolescents; limitations, asthma, blood pressure, diabetes, depression – for young adults; limitations, asthma, bronchitis, blood pressure, coronary, diabetes, depression – for adults; limitations, asthma, bronchitis, blood pressure, coronary, heart attack, stroke, arthrosis, diabetes, bladder, kidney, depression – for elderly. *VPC – variance partitioning coefficient. **The number of generalist practitioners is grouped according to quartiles, for which the following values were obtained: Q1 = 74.7, Q2 = 88, Q3 = 99.95 per 100,000 inhabitants. ***The number of specialist practitioners is also grouped according to the quartile results as follows: Q1 = 209.6; Q2 = 248.5; Q3 = 317.1 per 100,000 inhabitants.

ISSN: 2191-1991