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Table 2 Results of base-case analysis of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

From: Cost-effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors as a first-line therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review

First author, year (country)

Costing year

Time horizon (years)

Cost (USD, $)

QALY

Life-years

ICER ($/QALY)

WTP (USD, $)

Cost-effectiveness

Zhao, M, 2022 (China)

2021

10

    

3* GDP: 33,521 per QALY gained

 

Sorafenib

  

16,614.86

0.91

1.38

/

 

/

Sintilimab - Bevacizumab

  

43,195.21

1.42

2.33

51,877.36

 

Not cost-effective

Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab

  

129,281.72

1.77

2.84

130,508.44

 

Not cost-effective

Zhou, T, 2022 (China)

2021

Lifetime

    

1* GDP: 12,516 per QALY gained

; 3* GDP: 37,547 per QALY gained

 

Lenvatinib

  

21,037

0.938

1.32

/

 

/

Sintilimab - IBI305

  

33,102

1.431

2.04

24,462

 

1* GDP: Not cost-effective; 3* GDP: Cost-effective

Su, D, 2021 (US)

2019

Lifetime

    

150,000 per QALY gained

 

Sorafenib

  

202,973

1.021

1.736

/

 

/

Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab

  

292,780

1.551

3.033

169,223

 

Not cost-effective

Zhang, X, 2021 (China)

2020

6

    

100,000 per QALY gained

 

Sorafenib

  

156,984

0.928

1.218

/

 

/

Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab

  

313,193

1.412

1.840

322,500

 

Not cost-effective

Gaugain, L., 2023 (France)

2017

15

    

133,775 per QALY gained

 

Sorafenib

  

30,189

1.35

1.57

/

 

/

Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab

  

129,363

1.95

2.26

163,651

 

Not cost-effective

Chiang, C. L, 2021 (China, Hongkong)

2020

5

    

100,000 per QALY gained; 150,000 per QALY gained

 

Sorafenib

  

634,668

0.987

1.51

/

 

/

Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab

  

713,742

1.426

2.02

179,729

 

Not cost-effective

Sun, K. X, 2022 (China)

2021

10

      

China

      

1* GDP: 11,101.70 per QALY gained

 

Donafenib

  

5,604.64

8.77

/

/

 

/

Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab

  

44,744.51

9.23

/

85,607.88

 

Not cost-effective

Sintilimab - Bevacizumab

  

20,697.68

10.02

/

12,109.27

 

Not cost-effective

The United States

      

69,375 per QALY gained

 

Nivolumab

  

119,603.30

9.86

/

/

 

/

Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab

  

299,542

13.61

/

47,896.93

 

Cost-effective

Li, L, 2022 (China)

2020

15

    

3* GDP: 33,500 per QALY gained

 

Sorafenib

  

18,567.66

1.11

1.59

/

 

/

Sintilimab - IBI305

  

43,109.99

1.73

2.47

39,766.86

 

Not cost-effective

Atezolizumab -

Bevacizumab

  

79,965.01

1.71

2.45

103,037.66

 

Not cost-effective

Li, Y, 2022 (China)

2022

10

    

150,000 per QALY gained

 

Sorafenib

  

320,536

1.27

1.95

/

 

/

Nivolumab

  

390,298

1.59

2.45

220,864

 

Not cost-effective

Li, Y, 2022 (China)

2022

10

    

150,000 per QALY gained

 

Nivolumab

  

390,220

1.59

2.45

/

 

/

Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab

  

468,500

2.27

3.58

113,892

 

Cost-effective

Wen, F, 2021 (China)

2020

10

      

China

      

3* GDP: 28,527 per QALY gained

 

Sorafenib

  

18,833.34

0.87

1.22

/

 

/

Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab

  

95,972.83

1.40

1.96

145,546.21

 

Not cost-effective

The United States

      

150,000 per QALY gained

 

Sorafenib

  

194,248.14

0.87

1.22

/

 

/

Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab

  

283,304.15

1.40

1.96

168,030.21

 

Not cost-effective

Zhou, T, 2022 (China)

2021

Lifetime

    

3* GDP: 33,592 per QALY gained

 

Sorafenib

  

23,294

0.928

/

/

 

/

Sintilimab - Bevacizumab

  

33,766

1.428

/

20,968

 

Cost-effective

Liu, K. 2023 (China)

2022

15

    

3* GDP: 37,653 per QALY gained

 

Sorafenib

  

28,746

1.289

1.837

/

 

/

Cabozantinib - Atezolizumab

  

56,396

1.410

1.994

228,512

 

Not cost-effective

Durvalumab

  

33,972

1.498

2.128

25,005

 

Cost-effective

Tislelizumab

  

26,808

1.509

2.149

− 8,809

 

Cost-effective

Nivolumab

  

32,703

1.515

2.148

17,509

 

Cost-effective

Pembrolizumab - Lenvatinib

  

44,731

1.594

2.260

52,410

 

Not cost-effective

Camrelizumab - Rivoceranib

  

40,307

1.795

2.603

22,848

 

Cost-effective

Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab

  

73,457

1.870

2.646

76,955

 

Not cost-effective

Sintilimab - IBI305

  

56,259

2.076

2.950

34,959

 

Cost-effective

Zheng, Z 2024 (China)

2022

10

    

3* GDP: 37304.34 per QALY gained

 

Sorafenib

  

14306.87

1.06

/

/

 

/

Tislelizumab

  

16181.24

1.24

/

10,413.17

 

Cost-effective

Sriphoosanaphan, 2024, (Thailand)

2024

5

    

4,678 per QALY gained

 

Best supportive care

  

3,312

0.4051

/

/

 

/

Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab

  

48,669

0.8401

/

54,589

 

Not cost-effective

Lang W, 2024, (China)

2024

10

    

3* GDP: 35,864.61 per QALY gained

 

Sorafenib

  

16,800.92

1.52

/

/

 

/

Camrelizumab plus Rivoceranib

  

30,485.76

1.93

/

33,619.98

 

Cost-effective

Gong H, 2023, (China)

2023

Lifetime

    

3* GDP: 36,600 per QALY gained

 

Sorafenib

  

16,109.80

1.30

/

/

 

/

Sintilimab-Bevacizumab

  

39,406.40

1.61

/

75,150.32

 

Not cost-effective

Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab

  

141,836.73

2.17

/

144,513.71

 

Not cost-effective

  1. QALY: quality-adjusted life-year; ICER: incremental cost effectiveness ratio; IBI305: bevacizumab biosimilar; GDP: per capita gross domestic product; USD: United States Dollar;
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Health Economics Review

ISSN: 2191-1991

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