Table 1 Overview of published economic evaluations of immune checkpoint inhibitors as a first-line therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
First author, year (country) | Country | Interventions | Comparator | Perspective | Funding source | Model | Discount rate (%) | Efficacy source | Trial name | Trial setting |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhao, M, 2022 (China) | China | Sintilimab - Bevacizumab, and Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab | Sorafenib | Healthcare system | The government (China) | Partitioned survival model | 5% | No | IMbrave150, REFLECT, ORIENT-32, and ZGDH3 | RCTs |
Zhou, T, 2022 (China) | China | Sintilimab - IBI305 | Lenvatinib | Healthcare system | Manufacturing company and the government (China) | Partitioned survival model | 5% | No | ORIENT-32 and REFLECT | RCTs |
Su, D, 2021 (US) | The US | Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab | Sorafenib | Payer perspective | The government (China) | Partitioned survival model | 3% | No | IMbrave150 | RCTs |
Zhang, X, 2021 (China) | The US | Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab | Sorafenib | Payer perspective | The government (China) | Partitioned survival model | 3% | No | IMbrave150 | RCTs |
Gaugain, L., 2023 (France) | France | Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab | Sorafenib | Healthcare system | Manufacturing company | Partitioned survival model | 2.50% | Yes | IMbrave150 | RCTs and the real-life long-term data. |
Chiang, C. L, 2021 (China, Hongkong) | The US | Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab | Sorafenib | Payer perspective | None | Markov model | 3% | No | IMbrave150 | RCTs |
Sun, K. X, 2022 (China) | China and the US | Sintilimab - Bevacizumab, and Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab, Nivolumab, Donafenib | Donafenib | Payer perspective | The government (China) | Markov model | In China: 5% In the United States: 3% | No | NR | RCTs |
Li, L, 2022 (China) | China | Sintilimab - IBI305, and Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab | Sorafenib | Healthcare system | None | Partitioned survival model | 5% | No | ORIENT-32 and IMbrave 150 | RCTs |
Li, Y, 2022 (China) | The US | Nivolumab | Sorafenib | Third-party payer perspective | The government (China) | Partitioned survival model | 3% | No | CheckMate 459 | RCTs |
Li, Y, 2022 (China) | The US | Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab | Nivolumab | Societal perspective | The government (China) | Partitioned survival model | 3% | No | IMbrave150 and CheckMate 459 | RCTs |
Wen, F, 2021 (China) | China and the US | Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab | Sorafenib | Payer perspective | The government (China) | Markov model | 3% | No | ORIENT-32 | RCTs |
Zhou, T, 2022 (China) | China | Sintilimab - Bevacizumab | Sorafenib | Healthcare system | Manufacturing company | Partitioned survival model | 5% | No | ORIENT-32 | RCTs |
Liu, K. 2023 (China) | China | Sintilimab - IBI305, Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab, Camrelizumab - Rivoceranib, Pembrolizumab-Lenvatinib, Nivolumab, Tislelizumab, Durvalumab, Cabozantinib - Atezolizumab | Sorafenib | Payer perspective | The university fund (China) | Markov model | 3% | No | ORIENT-32; IMbrave150; CheckMate 459; RATIONALE-301; SHR-1210-III-310; and LEAP-002 | RCTs |
Zheng, Z 2024 (China) | China | Tslelizumab | Sorafenib | Payer perspective | None | Partitioned survival model | 5% | No | RATIONALE-301 | RCTs |
Sriphoosanaphan, 2024, (Thailand) | Thailand | Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab | Best supportive care | Societal perspective | Manufacturing company and the university fund (Thailand) | Markov model | 3% | No | IMbrave150 | RCTs |
Lang W, 2024, (China) | China | Camrelizumab - rivoceranib | Sorafenib | Healthcare system | None | Markov model | 5% | No | CARES-310 | RCTs |
Gong H, 2023, (China) | China | Atezolizumab - Bevacizumab, Sintilimab - Bevacizumab | Sorafenib | Chinese patient rspective | The government (China) | Partitioned survival model | 5% | No | IMbrave150, ORIENT-32, REFLECT, | RCTs |