Table 3 Logistic regression of unmet healthcare needs among middle-aged and older adults

Year, ref.: 2008

2013

1.199**

(1.031, 1.394)

0.826

(0.614, 1.112)

0.315***

(0.287, 0.346)

2018

1.165**

(1.006, 1.350)

0.916

(0.687, 1.221)

0.349***

(0.318, 0.384)

Predisposing factors

Sex, ref.: male

0.936

(0.841, 1.041)

0.736***

(0.592, 0.916)

0.789***

(0.737, 0.845)

Age, ref.: 45–59 years

60–74 years

0.889*

(0.781, 1.011)

0.931

(0.711, 1.220)

0.634***

(0.584, 0.687)

≥ 75 years

0.936

(0.780, 1.122)

1.039

(0.722, 1.493)

0.791***

(0.697, 0.898)

Marital status, ref.: married

0.800***

(0.682, 0.938)

0.815

(0.591, 1.124)

1.222***

(1.098, 1.360)

Employment status, ref.: employed

Retired

0.914

(0.783, 1.067)

0.793

(0.588, 1.069)

0.836***

(0.758, 0.922)

Not employed

1.349***

(1.141, 1.596)

0.835

(0.580, 1.201)

0.607***

(0.545, 0.676)

Education level, ref.: lower secondary and below

Upper secondary and vocational training

0.851**

(0.726, 0.997)

0.865

(0.605, 1.237)

0.773***

(0.701, 0.852)

Tertiary

0.850

(0.642, 1.124)

0.230**

(0.072, 0.734)

0.450***

(0.370, 0.546)

Family size, ref.: ≤2

0.864**

(0.769, 0.970)

0.818*

(0.645, 1.037)

1.184***

(1.094, 1.281)

Enabling factors

Distance to the nearest medical facility, ref.: ≤2 km

0.896*

(0.786, 1.020)

1.202

(0.935, 1.545)

1.094**

(1.010, 1.185)

Social health insurance, ref.: yes

1.655**

(1.122, 2.442)

1.930**

(1.038, 3.588)

1.539***

(1.175, 2.015)

Area of residence, ref.: urban

1.139*

(0.993, 1.307)

1.167

(0.878, 1.550)

1.036

(0.954, 1.125)

Income level, ref.: Tertile 1

Tertile 2

0.848**

(0.741, 0.972)

0.753**

(0.573, 0.989)

0.890***

(0.819, 0.967)

Tertile 3

0.973

(0.844, 1.121)

0.828

(0.616, 1.112)

0.735***

(0.672, 0.804)

Need factors

Self-reported health, ref.: excellent

Good

1.158**

(1.013, 1.322)

1.846***

(1.362, 2.501)

1.018

(0.931, 1.114)

Fair

1.441***

(1.253, 1.658)

2.713***

(2.014, 3.654)

1.092*

(0.984, 1.211)

Poor

1.853***

(1.417, 2.424)

3.942***

(2.519, 6.169)

1.526***

(1.206, 1.930)

Chronic diseases, ref.: 0

1

0.260***

(0.224, 0.302)

2.513***

(1.843, 3.425)

0.685***

(0.634, 0.739)

≥ 2

0.252***

(0.213, 0.298)

5.021***

(3.637, 6.931)

0.566***

(0.512, 0.626)

Depression, ref.: not depressed

1.147

(0.969, 1.357)

2.155***

(1.634, 2.841)

1.284***

(1.122, 1.471)