Table 1 Sample characteristics stratified by area of residence (urban and rural)

Year

2008

21.30%

12.80%

28.30%

2013

40.50%

47.60%

34.70%

2018

38.20%

39.60%

37%

Predisposing factors

Sex

Male

48.60%

48%

49.10%

Female

51.40%

52%

50.90%

Age (years)

45–59

48.90%

41.50%

54.90%

60–74

38.70%

43.80%

34.60%

≥ 75

12.40%

14.70%

10.50%

Marital status

Married

87.20%

87%

87.40%

Not married

12.80%

13%

12.60%

Employment status

Employed

54.60%

29.90%

74.90%

Retired

19.30%

17.50%

20.70%

Not employed

26.20%

52.60%

4.40%

Education level

Lower secondary and below

81.10%

70.40%

89.90%

Upper secondary and vocational training

15.10%

22.30%

9.30%

Tertiary

3.80%

7.30%

0.90%

Family size

≤ 2

26.40%

30.10%

23.40%

≥ 3

73.60%

69.90%

76.60%

Enabling factors

Distance to the nearest medical facility

≤ 2 km

78.90%

80.30%

77.80%

> 2 km

21.10%

19.70%

22.20%

Social health insurance

Yes

98.20%

98.10%

98.30%

No

1.80%

1.90%

1.70%

Income level

Tertile 1 (lowest, 10,440 yuan and below)

33.40%

17.90%

46.10%

Tertile 2 (10,440 to 19,600 yuan)

32%

30.50%

33.20%

Tertile 3 (highest, 19,600 yuan and above)

34.60%

51.50%

20.60%

Need factors

Self-reported health

Excellent

64.30%

63.70%

64.70%

Good

18.40%

19.60%

17.40%

Fair

15.10%

14.80%

15.40%

Poor

2.30%

2%

2.50%

Chronic diseases

0

51.20%

42.50%

58.40%

1

31.50%

35.60%

28.10%

≥ 2

17.30%

21.90%

13.50%

Depression

Not depressed

92.60%

95.30%

90.40%

Depressed

7.40%

4.70%

9.60%