Table 3 Comparison of clinical and process characteristics for open and closed tibial fractures (n = 358)
From: Economics of open tibial fractures: the pivotal role of length-of-stay and infection
Patients | Open (n = 51) | Closed (n = 307) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical characteristics | Gender | 0.079 | ||
-Male | 33 (64.7%) | 158 (51.5%) | ||
-Female | 18 (35.3%) | 149 (48.5%) | ||
Age (years) | 48 (29 – 60) | 49 (37 – 63) | 0.242 | |
ASA score | 0.298 | |||
-ASA 1 | 19 (37.3%) | 139 (45.3%) | ||
-ASA 2 | 23 (45.1%) | 135 (44.0%) | ||
-ASA 3 | 9 (17.6%) | 33 (10.7%) | ||
CVRF | 26 (59.1%) | 172 (58.9%) | 0.981 | |
AO/OTA bone segment | <0.001*** | |||
-41 | 6 (11.8%) | 116 (37.8%) | ||
-42 | 31 (60.8%) | 109 (35.5%) | ||
-43 | 14 (27.5%) | 82 (26.7%) | ||
AO/OTA fracture type | 0.010** | |||
-A | 22 (43.1%) | 97 (31.6%) | ||
-B | 10 (19.6%) | 129 (42.0%) | ||
-C | 19 (37.3%) | 81 (26.4%) | ||
AO/OTA fracture group | 0.190 | |||
-1 | 21 (41.2%) | 141 (45.9%) | ||
-2 | 12 (23.5%) | 42 (13.7%) | ||
-3 | 18 (35.3%) | 124 (40.4%) | ||
Antibiotic therapy | <0.001*** | |||
-prophylactic | 27 (52.9%) | 286 (93.2%) | ||
-therapeutic | 24 (47.1%) | 21 (6.8%) | ||
Delayed-staged surgery | 17 (33.3%) | 27 (8.8%) | <0.001*** | |
Type of definite surgery | <0.001*** | |||
-intramedullary nail | 35 (68.6%) | 105 (34.2%) | ||
-plate osteosynthesis | 14 (27.5%) | 130 (42.3%) | ||
-screw osteosynthesis | 0 | 66 (21.5%) | ||
-external fixator | 2 (3.9%) | 5 (1.6%) | ||
-arthrodesis | 0 | 7 (2.3%) | ||
Superficial infection | 0 | 0 (3.9%) | 0.276 | |
Deep infection | 7 (13.7%) | 5 (1.6%) | <0.001*** | |
Nonunion | 10 (19.6%) | 8 (2.6%) | <0.001*** | |
Other complications | 2 (3.9%) | 6 (2.0%) | 0.379 | |
Debridement | 10 (19.6%) | 9 (2.9%) | <0.001*** | |
Hardware removal | 25 (49.0%) | 96 (31.3%) | 0.013* | |
Re-osteosynthesis | 8 (15.7%) | 6 (2.0%) | <0.001*** | |
Other operations | 10 (19.6%) | 12 (3.9%) | <0.001*** | |
Mortality | 1 (2.0%) | 10 (3.3%) | 0.619 | |
Process characteristics | LOS to definite surgery (days) | 0 (0 – 5) | 1 (0 – 3) | 0.950 |
Total length of antibiotic therapy (days) | 6 (4 – 11) | 1 (1 – 2) | <0.001*** | |
Total LOS (days) | 11 (7 – 25) | 6 (4 – 13) | <0.001*** | |
Number of operations | 2 (1 – 3) | 1 (1 – 2) | <0.001*** | |
Number of hospital admissions | 1 (1 – 2) | 1 (1 – 2) | <0.015* | |
Number of surgical day care admissions | 0 | 0 | 0.883 | |
Number of ambulatory consults | 7 (5 – 10) | 5 (3 – 7) | <0.001*** | |
Healthcare costs | Honoraria | €2,609 (1,484 – 4,013) | €1,494 (1,135 – 2,281) | <0.001*** |
Materials (implants & screws) | €1,617 (1,070 – 2,501) | €1,002 (467 – 1,397) | <0.001*** | |
Hospitalization | €4,519 (2,876 – 10,271) | €2,465 (1,643 –5,341) | <0.001*** | |
Day care stay | €0 (0 – 177) | €0 (0 – 86) | 0.588 | |
Pharmaceuticals | €1,448 (981 – 3294) | €978 (862 – 1,724) | <0.001*** | |
Total healthcare costs | €11,061 (7,135 – 19,883) | €6,632 (4,714 – 10,095) | <0.001*** |