Table 3 Caregivers’ mental health functions

Dependent variables

Mental health (−1) (1 = moderate, 2 = serious)

0.498***

0.381***

(0.0697)

(0.0609)

Mental health (initial)

0.478***

0.346***

(0.0863)

(0.0718)

m(proxy of formal care use)

−115.3***

−49.58*

(36.30)

(28.14)

High-intensity caregiving (HI)

1.234**

−0.208

(0.496)

(1.148)

Generalized residual (GR)

−0.684*

0.0828

(0.372)

(0.922)

HI × GR

0.00418

0.143

(0.395)

(0.810)

Care leave

−0.181

(0.163)

Difficulty in daily life activities

0.487***

0.279**

(0.108)

(0.111)

Hospitalization during the past year

0.605**

0.188

(0.252)

(0.274)

Diabetes

0.159

0.223

(0.156)

(0.139)

Heart disease

0.299

0.487***

(0.200)

(0.170)

Cerebral stroke

−0.236

−0.0761

(0.302)

(0.348)

Hypertension

−0.0266

0.160

(0.144)

(0.118)

Hyperlipidemia

−0.0348

0.0595

(0.135)

(0.107)

Having friends/acquaintances

−0.184

−0.360***

(0.114)

(0.116)

Constant

1.466

0.313

(1.503)

(1.212)

lnσ_u ²

−1.231**

−1.438**

(0.531)

(0.634)

σ_u

0.540***

0.487***

(0.143)

(0.154)

Intra-class correlation (σ_u ²/(1 + σ_u ²))

0.226

0.192

Likelihood-ratio test of ρ = 0 [chi²(1)]

6.19

3.88

Prob ≥ chi²

0.00

0.02

Log-likelihood

−637.77

−830.43

N

2785

3448